Analysis of emergency lighting for civil buildings

The "Civil Building Lighting Design Standards" (GBJ133-90, hereinafter referred to as "Licensing Standards") explains the emergency lighting in the appendix as: Lighting that is activated due to a malfunction of the normal lighting power supply, also called accident lighting. In real life, in order to ensure the safety of personnel in the building, emergency lighting is a very important safety facility, but the implementation of various norms and standards has made some specific provisions have obvious differences. The following are some of the author's learning and practical experience, and communicate with peers, hoping to get corrections and enlightenment from colleagues.

First, the content of emergency lighting:

The International Electrotechnical Commission's IEC "Emergency Lighting" standard divides emergency lighting into evacuation lighting and standby lighting. The International Lighting Commission's CIE publication "Guidelines for Emergency Lighting in Buildings" and China's "Photographing" classify emergency lighting into evacuation lighting. , safety lighting and backup lighting. The content of the emergency lighting is the same. The difference is whether the safety lighting is treated independently. The IEC standard categorizes the safety lighting into the standby lighting. However, in actual use, the safety lighting and the standby lighting are different in the setting place and processing method. It is more appropriate to separate the two. Articles 4, 1 and 2 of the "Photographing" are formulated: "The types of lighting can be divided into normal lighting, emergency lighting, duty lighting, guard lighting and obstacle lighting. Emergency lighting can include evacuation lighting, safety lighting and standby lighting."

Also mentioned in the fire protection code "Code for Fire Protection Design of High-rise Civil Buildings" (GB50045-95, hereinafter referred to as "High Regulations") and "Code for Fire Protection of Building Design" (GBJ16-87 Revision, hereinafter referred to as "Low Regulations") Emergency lighting, referred to herein as emergency lighting, should be understood as just one form of emergency lighting. Due to the continuous occurrence of fires in recent years, design engineers have considered the emergency lighting as an emergency lighting in the fire. In fact, the extension of emergency lighting referred to in the "photographing" is larger than the fire emergency lighting, because the failure of the normal lighting power supply should include the normal power supply blackout, or the emergency power failure in the event of fire, earthquake, air defense, etc. can. Therefore, the design of the engineering emergency lighting system must not only meet the requirements of the fire emergency lighting system required by the fire protection specification, but also meet the requirements of the overall emergency lighting system of various specifications or standards.

Second, the understanding of evacuation lighting:

According to the interpretation of the "photograph": evacuation lighting, as part of emergency lighting, to ensure that the safe exit channel can be effectively identified and applied, so that people can safely evacuate the building. From the perspective of the use of functions, the author believes that it can be divided into induced indicator lighting and evacuation general lighting. The induction indicator light is used to identify the direction of the safety exit and the position of the safety exit. The evacuation general illumination is used for the channel to be effectively applied, to avoid collision of obstacles by personnel, and it is easy to find fire alarm buttons, fire fighting equipment and Distribution box, etc. In fact, when people are evacuating a place, if the local illumination is higher, the quicker and more confident the action is, the more confident the CIE requires, the evacuation lighting should not be less than 0.2lx. Considering the practical experience, the "photographing" stipulates that the ground level illumination of evacuation lighting should not be lower than 0.5lx. The "high regulations" and "low standard" stipulate that the emergency illumination for evacuation should have a minimum ground illumination of less than 0.5lx. The "Code for Electrical Design of Civil Buildings" (JGJ/T16-92, hereinafter referred to as "People's Regulations") has more specific provisions, but the terms are not completely consistent in each specification. Summarize the various provisions of the norms and standards, and summarize the design requirements for evacuation lighting as follows:

Category design requires setting place

When the safety indicator light of the induction indicator light is normal: the mark can be recognized at a distance of 30m, and its brightness should not be lower than 15cd/m2, not higher than 300cd/m2 (CIE recommended standard).

In case of emergency: the sign can be recognized at a distance of 20m. Auditorium, multi-purpose hall, waiting (machine) hall, stairway of hospital ward, evacuation exit.

Multi-storey building with a floor area of ​​>1500m2, a business hall, and an auditorium with an area of ​​>200m2.

Exhibition halls, business halls, refuge floors and safety exits in high-rise buildings (except for second-class buildings).

Underground buildings with a densely populated area of ​​>300 m2.

When the evacuation indicator light is normal: the mark can be recognized at a distance of 20m, and its brightness should not be lower than 15cd/m2, not higher than 300cd/m2 (CIE recommended standard).

In case of emergency: the sign can be recognized at a distance of 15m. Evacuation walkways and stairwells in hospital wards.

Evacuation walkways in high-rise public buildings and inner walkways of length >20m.

Smoke-proof stairwell and its front room, fire elevator and its front room.

Evacuation general lighting normal lighting coordination arrangement.

The horizontal illumination of the ground should be >0.5lx (1lx for civil air defense and 0.2lx for auditorium access ground)

The ground level illuminance should be more than 5lx (detailed 2). Evacuation walkways in high-rise public buildings and inner walkways of length >20m.

Smoke-proof stairwell and its front room, fire elevator and its front room.

Description:

1. Evacuation lighting can use battery as backup power supply, and the continuous power supply time should not be less than 20min. The continuous power supply time of high-rise buildings with height exceeding 100m should not be less than 30min, and the power supply time of refuge layer should not be less than 1.00h.

2, generally avoid encountering obstacles, see the minimum illumination value of the road is 0.2lx, but should consider the impact of smoke on the illumination of the evacuation illumination in case of fire. There have been experiments to prove that the ground illumination value of the evacuation aisle illumination is 5lx. At the time of the concentration of smoke, the ground has a illuminance value of 1.8 to 2.0 lx. At this time, it is difficult to distinguish the orientation, but it can also be evacuated. If the illuminance value is low, the orientation cannot be discerned and the evacuation cannot be made.

3. The 24th, 7th and 2nd regulations of the "People's Regulations" stipulate: "The following parts shall be provided with standby lighting in the event of a fire accident:

(1) Evacuation stairs (including the front room of the smoke-proof stairwell), the fire elevator and its front room.

......

(7) Evacuation walkways in public buildings and inner walkways with a length of more than 20 m in residential buildings. ”

The author believes that the above-mentioned (1) (7) two sets of emergency lighting, not standby lighting, should be evacuated lighting, it is used to "make people safely evacuate buildings" lighting, not to continue or temporarily continue to work. The lighting provided is also listed as Evacuation Lighting in Tables C, 3 and 12 of Appendix C of the Civil Code. In addition, the "fire elevator and its front room" should be "fire elevator room and its front room".

4. In Tables 24, 7 and 5 of the “People's Regulations”, the location lists the fire evacuation sign lighting in the elevator car, and the fire evacuation sign lighting shall be provided in the front room of the (fire) elevator.

5. The appendix C, 3 and 6 of the “People's Regulations” stipulates: “Evacuation lighting should be located at the top of the safety exit, evacuation of the walkway and the corner of the corner below 1 m below the ground...”, “Evacuation lighting” Should be changed to "induction indicator lighting".

It is worth reminding that in the actual engineering design, the designers often only do the design of the induced indicator lighting, and ignore the design of the evacuation general lighting, which should attract the attention of the peers.

Third, the understanding of safe lighting:

The interpretation of safety lighting in the Photograph is: as part of emergency lighting, to ensure the safety of people at risk. It is also stipulated that the illumination of the safety lighting in the workplace should not be lower than 5% of the general illumination of the site. This is also the CIE standard. In addition, the CIE also stipulates that 10% of the dangerous work is particularly dangerous. For the setting place of safety lighting, the "photographing" is not listed. The "high-level regulations" and "low-level regulations" of the fire protection regulations refer to "emergency lighting" and "emergency lighting for evacuation", but there is no subdivision or mention. The term “safety lighting”, 24, 7 and 3 of the “People's Regulations” states: “Where a dangerous place (such as an important operating room, emergency room, etc. in a hospital) that causes casualties due to sudden interruption of normal power supply during a fire. Safety lighting shall be provided", and in the Appendix C of this code, there is a requirement that the design illumination should maintain the illumination level of normal lighting. This illuminance requirement is higher than the "photographing" and CIE standards. It should be said that the important operating room and emergency room in the hospital must be "potentially dangerous places", and the illumination of the safety lighting can be greater than that of normal lighting. %, the author believes that it meets the national standards, but in practice, if there is no technical difficulty, it is really appropriate to maintain the level of normal lighting.

In Tables 24, 7, and 5 of the "People's Regulations", Tables C, 3, and 12 of the Appendix list the emergency lighting of the refuge floor as an example of standby lighting. The author believes that the refuge floor is not an activity or a workplace. There is no illumination for “maintaining normal activities.” It is a place for refuge personnel to temporarily evacuate, and also belongs to “potentially dangerous places”. Therefore, emergency lighting for refuge floors should be Under the understanding of safety lighting, the illumination requirement should not be lower than 5% of the general illumination illumination. The conversion time of emergency lighting should also meet the requirements of safety lighting. In addition, the provisions of the High Regulations 6, 6, 13 and 8 also stipulate: The layer shall be provided with emergency broadcast and emergency lighting. The power supply time shall not be less than 1.00h, and the illumination shall not be at 1.00lx."

The explanation for standby lighting is as part of emergency lighting to ensure that normal activities continue and to provide for alternate lighting (excluding fire control rooms, fire pump rooms, power distribution rooms, and self-contained generator rooms). The illuminance should not be lower than 10% of the general illumination. This is the same as the CIE standard. For fire control room, fire pump room, power distribution room and self-supplied generator room, etc., and other important rooms, according to the fire protection design specifications "High Regulations" and "Low Regulations", the standby lighting should remain normal. Illumination illumination.

In Tables 24, 7 and 5 of the "People's Regulations", the illumination of the standby lighting that proposes to continue working temporarily is not less than 50% of the normal illumination, which exceeds the standards proposed by the "Photograph" and the CIE. At the same time, it and this specification The design requirements presented in Appendices Tables C, 3, and 12 are self-contradictory. The requirements in this table are: “Fire Control Room... should maintain the illumination level of normal lighting. Other places may not be less than 1/10 of the normal illumination, but The minimum should not be less than 5lx.” The author believes that in actual engineering, the higher the illumination of the standby lighting is, of course, the better, but it can meet the requirements of the national standard “photographing”, it should be said that the standard has been reached. In some places (such as cashiers, shopping malls, valuables, etc.), it is reasonable and necessary to properly increase the illumination of the standby lighting.

The author summarizes the design requirements for standby lighting and safety lighting, which are listed in the following table:

5. Power supply for emergency lighting:

Articles C, 3 and 1 of the Appendix to the "People's Regulations" stipulate that: after emergency power failure, the power conversion time should meet:

Evacuation lighting ≤15s

Standby lighting ≤ 15s (financial business trading place ≤ 1.5s)

Category design requires setting place

The standby lighting fire control room, fire pump room, smoke exhaust machine room, generator room, transformer room, telephone switchboard room, central monitoring room, etc. shall maintain the illumination level of normal lighting, and other places may not be less than 1/10 of the normal illumination illumination. However, the minimum should not be less than 5lx, and important places should be properly improved. Fire control room, fire pump room, smoke machine room, generator room, transformer room, telephone main machine room, central monitoring room, etc.

Multi-storey building with a floor area of ​​>1500m2, a business hall, and an auditorium with an area of ​​>200m2.

Audience halls, multi-purpose halls, restaurants, conference halls, international waiting (machines) halls, exhibition halls, business halls, and rental office buildings in high-rise buildings.

Underground buildings with a densely populated area of ​​>300 m2.

The illumination of the safety lighting should not be less than 5%, and the dangerous place should not be less than 10% (the illumination of the refuge should not be less than 1lx).

Hospital operating room, emergency room should maintain normal illumination of the operating room, emergency room, refuge floor, etc.

Safety lighting ≤ 0.5s.

This rule is consistent with the CIE recommendation. In order to meet the requirements, there are two main types of power supply for emergency lighting: one is a distributed power supply system, that is, each emergency light comes with a backup power supply. When the normal power is turned off, the backup power is automatically turned on. The system can directly connect the emergency light to the normal lighting power supply system, and can also charge the standby power supply by normal power supply. The other is a centralized power supply system. The emergency light itself does not have a power supply. When the normal lighting power supply fails, it is powered by a dedicated centralized emergency power supply. The system needs to be provided with independent power supply lines and power distribution equipment. The dedicated centralized emergency power supply is divided into two types, one is to set up the battery pack in a centralized or sub-area, and the other is a backup AC emergency power supply, which can be powered by (1) an independent independent power supply, and (2) a diesel generator set. .

At present, some specifications in China do not specify the scope of application of the above-mentioned emergency lighting power supply. In fact, due to the influence of the conversion time and power supply time of the emergency lighting power supply, the combination of the above two or three power sources is adopted in the design. It will be more reasonable and reliable. analyse as below:

1. When only the distributed power supply system is used, all emergency lights must have their own backup power supply. The advantages are high power supply reliability, rapid conversion, convenient increase and decrease, no impact on line faults, and small impact on battery damage. The investment is large, the operation management and maintenance requirements are high, and the power supply capacity is restricted.

2. When the battery pack power supply mode is set only by concentration or partition, the advantages are high power supply reliability and rapid conversion. Compared with the self-contained battery mode, the investment is less, and the management and maintenance are more convenient. The disadvantage is that special room is needed and the battery is faulty. The influence surface is large, and the line must consider the fire prevention problem, and the power supply capacity is restricted.

3. When power is supplied from the independent power supply of the power grid, it is required to supply two independent power supplies from the outside to ensure that the other road can continue to work when one fault occurs. In this way, the power supply capacity and power supply time are not limited, and the conversion time is easy to meet the requirements. However, in the event of a major disaster, its power supply reliability may be damaged, and the role of emergency lighting power supply may be lost.

4. When the diesel generator set is powered, the generator is required to have a self-starting function. The starting and putting-in time is less than 15s, and the emergency lighting distribution system is self-contained. The advantage of diesel generator power supply is that the power supply capacity and power supply time are basically unlimited. The disadvantage is that the conversion time is long and cannot be used for safety lighting and some alternative lighting for places with high conversion time requirements.

5. In the fire protection design specifications "High Regulations" and "Low Regulations", there are provisions: 1 emergency lighting and evacuation indication signs, batteries can be used as backup power supply, and continuous power supply time should not be less than 20min, high-rise buildings with a height of more than 100m The continuous power supply time should not be less than 30 minutes. 2 Emergency lighting power supply time should not be less than 1.00h. It should be pointed out that this refers to the emergency lighting only refers to the emergency lighting in the case of fire. We should as mentioned above, the design of emergency lighting should not only meet the requirements of fire, but also meet the requirements of all situations, while the normal power supply The duration of the fault is an uncertain factor. Therefore, the duration of the emergency lighting is also uncertain. For a system that uses only decentralized power supply and centralized or zoned battery pack power supply, the capacity of the battery is limited. It is difficult to provide long-term emergency lighting (30~60min or more).

Therefore, the author believes that there are not many emergency lighting, small-scale buildings can use decentralized power supply system, and other buildings, especially high-rise buildings, should use self-starting diesel generator sets as the main power supply mode or backup power supply mode for emergency lighting (starting And the operation time is less than 15s), only for the indication lighting, safety lighting and financial commercial trading places, etc., for the standby lighting in places with high conversion time requirements, using the distributed power supply emergency lighting as the transition lighting to meet the conversion time. Claim.

6. Route laying for emergency lighting:

When the emergency lighting system only uses emergency lighting fixtures with its own backup power supply, there is no special requirement for its power supply lines. However, for other forms of emergency lighting systems, according to the requirements of various codes and standards, the above-mentioned emergency lighting distribution should adopt the above Dedicated power supply system wiring. Because it is necessary to consider the emergency lighting in the case of fire, its distribution lines and control loops should be divided according to the fire compartment. In addition, the following fire prevention measures should be taken: when using dark laying, it should be laid in the structure of non-combustion body, and the thickness of protective layer should not be less than 3cm; when laying with clear, it should be coated with fireproof coating on metal pipe or metal wire trough. Protection; when the cable with insulation and sheath is not flame retardant material, it can be protected without metal pipe, but it should be laid in the cable well. These measures are a relatively economical, safe and reliable method of laying, which is necessary to ensure reliable and safe power supply for emergency lighting distribution lines. In addition, the author believes that emergency lighting wiring should promote the use of flame-retardant wires and cables, and fire-resistant wires and cables can be used when necessary to ensure the reliability of distribution lines.

Articles 11, 8, and 7 of the "People's Regulations" stipulate that "alternate lighting shall be powered by two power sources or two lines," which is stricter than the dedicated loop power supply scheme. In fact, the "People's Regulations" is an industry standard issued in 1993, and in the national standard "High Regulations" issued in 1995, this point is no longer raised. It only requires: "Fire control room, fire pump, fire protection for high-rise buildings. For the power supply of elevators, smoke exhaust fans, etc., automatic switching devices should be installed at the last level of distribution boxes." In the explanation of the article, this regulation is made after considering the objections of many designers. To modify the regulations, the key to the need for dual power supplies and automatic switching at the last level of distribution boxes is the fire control room, fire elevators, and smoke exhaust fans of high-rise buildings.

Seven, emergency lighting fixtures:

Emergency lighting must use a light source that can be activated instantaneously. Only emergency lighting is used as part of normal lighting, and emergency lighting and normal lighting do not occur at the same time. Other lighting sources can be used for emergency lighting, because if the light source is not instantaneously activated (such as When a gas discharge lamp is used, it is not used together in normal lighting operation. Once an accident occurs, it cannot function as an accident due to its long startup time. For this reason, the "photographing" has made the above-mentioned clear regulations.

In addition, emergency lights should meet the safety technical requirements established by the relevant departments. As an indicator light fixture, it should also meet:

1. Safety exit sign lights and evacuation indicator signs shall be fitted with protective covers for glass or non-combustible materials.

2. The pattern, font size and color of the logo shall be made in accordance with the relevant regulations and requirements of the Ministry of Public Security GA-54-93 "General Standards for Fire Emergency Lighting Fixtures" and the National Standard GB13495 "Fire Safety Signs".

3. In order to improve the recognition effect and clarity, the brightness of the graphic text recommended by CIE is greater than 15cd/m2, less than 300cd/m2, and the minimum and maximum brightness ratio of the logo surface is 1:10 (lowest: highest).

Eight, emergency lighting power cut

Although emergency lighting is an integrated safety facility, it is not always used in fires, but it should meet the fire protection specifications. Its power supply is a fire-fighting power source. Articles 4, 2 and 6 of "Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System" (GBJ116-88) stipulate: "After the fire is confirmed, the fire control equipment shall have the following functions for the linkage control object: one, ...; two, ...; Turn on the fire accident lighting and evacuation indicator lights; 4. Cut off the non-fire power supply of the relevant parts.” The author believes that: connecting the accident lighting and evacuation sign lights is the necessary lighting for personnel evacuation, cutting off the relevant parts of the non-fire power supply is for It is easy to save and reduce the possibility of fire-fighting personnel getting an electric shock. In the actual design, emergency lighting is often arranged in combination with normal lighting, using part or all of the normal lighting as emergency lighting. When a fire occurs in a certain place, the emergency lighting is turned on or maintained, indicating the evacuation of the personnel, and at the same time, cutting off the relevant parts. The fire power supply prevents short circuit of the electric line and facilitates the rescue work. However, when people have evacuated and evacuated, the fire control should also cut off the emergency lighting power of the place, and only the emergency lights with the battery are kept to maintain the necessary duration of illumination. This can completely reduce the possibility of fire-fighting personnel's electric shock and make it easier to save. Some firefighters confirmed that in the fire fighting, they asked the power supply of the relevant parts to be completely cut off.

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