Since the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the unlicensed use of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology in 2002, it has become a promising solution for high-speed wireless communication. Most commercial applications have focused on frequency-domain modulation techniques like OFDM to achieve high data rates. However, UWB's unique capabilities also allow for nanosecond-level pulse-based transmission through a method known as impulse radio (IR). This technique encodes information by modulating pulse characteristics such as position or amplitude, enabling precise ranging down to the centimeter level. Such accuracy opens up new possibilities in various fields, including logistics, manufacturing, search and rescue, and smart guidance systems.
The system under discussion is built using a non-customized Xilinx ML506 board connected to a custom UWB daughter board, as shown in Figure 1. This setup allows for flexible and powerful implementation of UWB communication and ranging functions.
In Europe, the PULSERS project is a major industry-led initiative involving 30 organizations. It aims to develop an IR-UWB communication and ranging system capable of transmitting data at megabit-per-second speeds with 4 cm accuracy. The system uses autonomous nodes that can communicate with each other and calculate distances. Each node connects to the ML506 board via a custom UWB daughter board, leveraging the Virtex-5 SXT FPGA’s performance and the MicroBlaze soft processor’s flexibility to implement the entire baseband signal chain within a single chip.
Figure 2 illustrates the structure of a periodic beacon frame, which includes three beacon slots interspersed between time-hopping frames. Although time-hopping was originally intended for high-rate transmission, current implementations only use beacon frames for data transfer.
For ranging, the system employs a two-way measurement technique. A ranging request is sent in beacon slot 1, and a response is received in beacon slot 3, allowing the remote node enough time (approximately 33 microseconds) to process the request and send back the response.
Table 1 outlines key characteristics of UWB communication and ranging systems, highlighting their precision, speed, and versatility.
The UWB daughter board was designed using IHP’s 0.25-micron SiGe:C BiCMOS technology. As shown in Figure 3, the transmitter ASIC generates UWB pulses with a 7.68 GHz carrier and a Gaussian envelope. It supports both amplitude and position modulation and includes a 3.84 GHz counter for accurate timing.
On the receiver side, the signal is split into two branches: one for communication with a narrow bandwidth (120 MHz), and another for precise pulse timing using full bandwidth (750 MHz). The high-speed comparator detects incoming pulses, triggering a counter in the transmitter ASIC to measure arrival times with 260 picoseconds resolution—equivalent to about 8 cm spatial accuracy.
The daughter board communicates with the Virtex-5 FPGA via two 120 MHz data buses. One handles ADC samples, while the other transmits high-resolution timestamps. A XC95144XV CPLD is used as a debugging tool, allowing the generation of pseudo-random data to verify bus integrity. This helps ensure reliable communication and timing synchronization between the FPGA and the UWB daughter board.
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